Building Controllers and Networks

The AD7124-4 is a low power, low noise, completely integrated analog front end for high precision measurement applications. The device contains a low noise, 24-bit Σ-Δ analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and can be configured to have 4 differential inputs or 7 single-ended or pseudo differential inputs. The onchip low gain stage ensures that signals of small amplitude can be interfaced directly to the ADC.

One of the major advantages of the AD7124-4 is that it gives the user the flexibility to employ one of three integrated power modes. The current consumption, range of output data rates, and rms noise can be tailored with the power mode selected. The device also offers a multitude of filter options, ensuring that the user has the highest degree of flexibility.

The AD7124-4 can achieve simultaneous 50 Hz and 60 Hz rejection when operating at an output data rate of 25 SPS (single cycle settling), with rejection in excess of 80 dB achieved at lower output data rates.

The AD7124-4 establishes the highest degree of signal chain integration. The device contains a precision, low noise, low drift internal band gap reference, and also accepts an external differential reference, which can be internally buffered. Other key integrated features include programmable low drift excitation current sources, burnout currents, and a bias voltage generator, which sets the common-mode voltage of a channel to AV_DD/2. The low-side power switch enables the user to power down bridge sensors between conversions, ensuring the absolute minimal power consumption of the system. The device also allows the user the option of operating with either an internal clock or an external clock.

The integrated channel sequencer allows several channels to be enabled simultaneously, and the AD7124-4 sequentially converts on each enabled channel, simplifying communication with the device. As many as 16 channels can be enabled at any time; a channel being defined as an analog input or a diagnostic such as a power supply check or a reference check. This unique feature allows diagnostics to be interleaved with conversions.

The AD7124-4 also supports per channel configuration. The device allows eight configurations or setups. Each configuration consists of gain, filter type, output data rate, buffering, and reference source. The user can assign any of these setups on a channel by channel basis.

The AD7124-4 also has extensive diagnostic functionality integrated as part of its comprehensive feature set. These diagnostics include a cyclic redundancy check (CRC), signal chain checks, and serial interface checks, which lead to a more robust solution. These diagnostics reduce the need for external components to implement diagnostics, resulting in reduced board space needs, reduced design cycle times, and cost savings. The failure modes effects and diagnostic analysis (FMEDA) of a typical application has shown a safe failure fraction (SFF) greater than 90% according to IEC 61508.

The device operates with a single analog power supply from 2.7 V to 3.6 V or a dual 1.8 V power supply. The digital supply has a range of 1.65 V to 3.6 V. It is specified for a temperature range of −40°C to +105°C. The AD7124-4 is housed in a 32-lead LFCSP package or a 24-lead TSSOP package.

Applications

• Temperature measurement 
• Pressure measurement 
• Industrial process control 
• Instrumentation Smart transmitters
• Smart transmitters

The AD7124-8 is a low power, low noise, completely integrated analog front end for high precision measurement applications. The device contains a low noise, 24-bit Σ-Δ analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and can be configured to have 8 differential inputs or 15 single-ended or pseudo differential inputs. The onchip low gain stage ensures that signals of small amplitude can be interfaced directly to the ADC.

One of the major advantages of the AD7124-8 is that it gives the user the flexibility to employ one of three integrated power modes. The current consumption, range of output data rates, and rms noise can be tailored with the power mode selected. The device also offers a multitude of filter options, ensuring that the user has the highest degree of flexibility. The AD7124-8 can achieve simultaneous 50 Hz and 60 Hz rejection when operating at an output data rate of 25 SPS (single cycle settling), with rejection in excess of 80 dB achieved at lower output data rates.

The AD7124-8 establishes the highest degree of signal chain integration. The device contains a precision, low noise, low drift internal band gap reference and accepts an external differential reference, which can be internally buffered. Other key integrated features include programmable low drift excitation current sources, burnout currents, and a bias voltage generator, which sets the common-mode voltage of a channel to AV_DD/2. The low-side power switch enables the user to power down bridge sensors between conversions, ensuring the absolute minimal power consumption of the system. The device also allows the user the option of operating with either an internal clock or an external clock.

The integrated channel sequencer allows several channels to be enabled simultaneously, and the AD7124-8 sequentially converts on each enabled channel, simplifying communication with the device. As many as 16 channels can be enabled at any time, a channel being defined as an analog input or a diagnostic such as a power supply check or a reference check. This unique feature allows diagnostics to be interleaved with conversions. The AD7124-8 also supports per channel configuration. The device allows eight configurations or setups. Each configuration consists of gain, filter type, output data rate, buffering, and reference source. The user can assign any of these setups on a channel by channel basis.

The AD7124-8 also has extensive diagnostic functionality integrated as part of its comprehensive feature set. These diagnostics include a cyclic redundancy check (CRC), signal chain checks, and serial interface checks, which lead to a more robust solution. These diagnostics reduce the need for external components to implement diagnostics, resulting in reduced board space needs, reduced design cycle times, and cost savings. The failure modes effects and diagnostic analysis (FMEDA) of a typical application has shown a safe failure fraction (SFF) greater than 90% according to IEC 61508.

The device operates with a single analog power supply from 2.7 V to 3.6 V or a dual 1.8 V power supply. The digital supply has a range of 1.65 V to 3.6 V. It is specified for a temperature range of −40°C to +125°C. The AD7124-8 is housed in a 32-lead LFCSP package.

Note that, throughout this data sheet, multifunction pins, such as DOUT/RDY, are referred to either by the entire pin name or by a single function of the pin, for example, RDY, when only that function is relevant.

Applications

• Temperature measurement
• Pressure measurement
• Industrial process control
• Instrumentation
• Smart transmitters

The AD74412R is a quad-channel software configurable input/output solution for building and process control applications. The AD74412R contains functionality for analog output, analog input, digital input, and resistance temperature detector (RTD) measurements integrated into a single chip solution with an interface compatible with the serial port interface (SPI).

The device features a 16-bit, Σ-∆ analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and four configurable, 13-bit digital-to-analog converters (DACs) to provide four configurable input/output channels and a suite of diagnostic functions.

There are several modes related to the AD74412R. These modes are voltage output, current output, voltage input, externally powered current input, loop powered current input, external RTD measurement, digital input logic, and loop powered digital input.

The AD74412R contains a high accuracy 2.5 V internal reference to drive the DACs and the ADC.

Product Highlights

1. Quad-Channel, Software Configurable Channels.
2. Built In Diagnostics and Alert Features.
3. Robust Architecture. Surge tested to ±1 kV, per the IEC61000-4-5 standard, on the input/output terminals with unshielded cables.

Applications 

• Building control systems
• Process control
• Industrial automation
  
   

The ADIN1200 is a low power, single-port, 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps Ethernet transceiver with low latency specifications designed for industrial Ethernet applications.

This design integrates an energy efficient Ethernet (EEE) physical layer device (PHY) core with all associated common analog circuitry, input and output clock buffering, management interface and subsystem registers, and media access control (MAC) interface and control logic to manage the reset, clock control and pin configuration.

The ADIN1200 is available in a 5 mm × 5 mm, 32-lead lead frame chip scale package (LFCSP) and can operate with a single 3.3 V supply, assuming the use of a 3.3 V MAC interface supply. For maximum flexibility in system level design, a separate VDDIO supply enables the management data input/output (MDIO) and MAC interface supply voltages to be configured independently of the other circuitry on the ADIN1200 allowing operation at 1.8 V, 2.5 V, or 3.3 V. At power-up, the ADIN1200 is held in hardware reset until each of the supplies has crossed its minimum rising threshold value and the power is considered good. Brownout protection is provided by monitoring the supplies to detect if one or more of them drops below a minimum falling threshold and holding the device in hardware reset until the power supplies return and satisfy the power-on-reset (POR) circuit.

The MII management interface (also referred to as MDIO interface) provides a 2-wire serial interface between a host processor or MAC and the ADIN1200, allowing access to control and status information in the PHY core management registers. The interface is compatible with both IEEE^® 802.3^™ Standard Clause 22 and Clause 45 management frame structures.

The ADIN1200 can support cable lengths up to 180 meters.

Note that throughout this data sheet, multifunction pins, such as XTAL_I/CLK_IN/REF_CLK, are referred to either by the entire pin name or by a single function of the pin, for example, XTAL_I, when only that function is relevant.

Applications

• Industrial automation
• Process control
• Factory automation
• Robotics and motion Control
• Building automation
• Test and Measurement
• Industrial internet of things (IoT)

The ADIN1300 is a low power, single port, Gigabit Ethernet transceiver with low latency and power consumption specifications primarily designed for industrial Ethernet applications.

This design integrates an energy efficient Ethernet (EEE) physical layer device (PHY) core with all associated common analog circuitry, input and output clock buffering, management interface and subsystem registers, and MAC interface and control logic to manage the reset and clock control and pin configuration.

The ADIN1300 is available in a 6 mm × 6 mm, 40-lead lead frame chip scale package (LFCSP). The device operates with a minimum of 2 power supplies, 0.9 V and 3.3 V, assuming the use of a 3.3 V MAC interface supply. For maximum flexibility in system level design, a separate VDDIO supply enables the management data input/output (MDIO) and MAC interface supply voltages to be configured independently of the other circuitry on the ADIN1300, allowing operation at 1.8 V, 2.5 V, or 3.3 V. At power-up, the ADIN1300 is held in hardware reset until each of the supplies has crossed its minimum rising threshold value. Brown-out protection is provided by monitoring the supplies to detect if one or more supply drops below a minimum falling threshold (see Table 17 on the datasheet), and holding the device in hardware reset until the power supplies return and satisfy the power-on reset (POR) circuit.

The MII management interface (also referred to as MDIO interface) provides a 2-wire serial interface between a host processor or MAC (also known as management station (STA)) and the ADIN1300, allowing access to control and status information in the PHY core management registers. The interface is compatible with both the IEEE 802.3 Standard Clause 22 and Clause 45 management frame structures.

The ADIN1300 can support cable lengths up to 150 meters at Gigabit speeds and 180 meters when operating at 100 Mbps or 10 Mbps.

Applications

• Industrial automation
• Process control
• Factory automation
• Robotics/Motion Control
• Building automation
• Test and Measurement
• Industrial IoT

The fido5100 and fido5200 (REM switch) are programmable IEEE 802.3 10 Mbps/100 Mbps Ethernet Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) and Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) switches that support virtually any Layer 2 or Layer 3 protocol. The switches are personalized to support the desired protocol by firmware that is downloaded from a host processor.

The firmware is contained in the real-time Ethernet multiprotocol (REM) switch driver and is downloaded at power-up. The REM switch can be ready for network data operation in less than 4 ms to support fast startup and quick connect type network functionality. The REM switch devices have the same signal assignments as defined in this data sheet.

The fido5100 supports the following protocols: PROFINET real time (RT) and isochronous real time (IRT), EtherNet/IP with and without device level ring (DLR), Modbus TCP, and POWERLINK.

The fido5200 supports the following protocols: EtherCAT and all protocols defined for the fido5100.

The REM switch is intended for use with a host processor. Network operation is handled using the functions and services provided in the REM switch driver. The host processor can implement any protocol stack by integrating it with the REM switch driver. An example application is shown in Figure 11.

The REM switches are available in a 144-ball chip scale package ball grid array (CSP_BGA) package.

Note that throughout this data sheet, multifunction pins, such as A02/ALE, are referred to either by the entire pin name or by a single function of the pin, for example, ALE, when only that function is relevant.

Applications

• Industrial automation
  
  • Process control
  • Managed Ethernet switch

The fido5100 and fido5200 (REM switch) are programmable IEEE 802.3 10 Mbps/100 Mbps Ethernet Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) and Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) switches that support virtually any Layer 2 or Layer 3 protocol. The switches are personalized to support the desired protocol by firmware that is downloaded from a host processor.

The firmware is contained in the real-time Ethernet multiprotocol (REM) switch driver and is downloaded at power-up. The REM switch can be ready for network data operation in less than 4 ms to support fast startup and quick connect type network functionality. The REM switch devices have the same signal assignments as defined in this data sheet.

The fido5100 supports the following protocols: PROFINET real time (RT) and isochronous real time (IRT), EtherNet/IP with and without device level ring (DLR), Modbus TCP, and POWERLINK.

The fido5200 supports the following protocols: EtherCAT and all protocols defined for the fido5100.

The REM switch is intended for use with a host processor. Network operation is handled using the functions and services provided in the REM switch driver. The host processor can implement any protocol stack by integrating it with the REM switch driver. An example application is shown in Figure 11.

The REM switches are available in a 144-ball chip scale package ball grid array (CSP_BGA) package.

Note that throughout this data sheet, multifunction pins, such as A02/ALE, are referred to either by the entire pin name or by a single function of the pin, for example, ALE, when only that function is relevant.

Applications

• Industrial automation
  
  • Process control
  • Managed Ethernet switch

The EV-AD74412RSDZ (see Figure 1) is a fully featured evaluation board that can be used to evaluate the features of the AD74412R. The AD74412R is a quad-channel, software configurable, input/output device. The device has functionality for analog output, analog input, digital input, and resistance temperature detector (RTD) measurements integrated into a single-chip solution with a serial peripheral interface (SPI)- compatible interface. 

The EV-AD74412RSDZ can be controlled via a system demonstration platform (SDP). The EVAL-SDP-CS1Z (SDP-S) board allows the EV-AD74412RSDZ to be controlled via the USB port of a PC using the AD74412R evaluation software. 

The EVAL- AD74412RSDZ requires an AVDD operating supply of 14 V to 26.4 V. When the EV-AD74412RSDZ is connected to the PC, the PC provides power to the SDP-S board. 

For full details on the AD74412R, see the AD74412R data sheet, which must be consulted in conjunction with this user guide when using the EV-AD74412RSDZ. 

The EVAL-ADIN1200FMCZ allows simplified evaluation of the key features of the ADIN1200 robust, industrial, low power 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps Ethernet physical layer (PHY). The EVAL-ADIN1200FMCZ is powered by a single, external, 5 V supply rail that can be supplied either via the EXT_5V connector or via the P4 plug.

All chip supplies are regulated from the 5 V rail providing supply rails required for AVDD_3P3 and VDDIO.

The P3 field programmable gate array (FPGA) mezzanine card (FMC) connector is provided for connection to a master FPGA system for the media access control (MAC) interface and management data input/output (MDIO) control. The P5 connector provides an alternative means for MDIO control. The EVAL-ADIN1200FMCZ is fitted with a 25 MHz crystal (Y1).

For complete specifications for the ADIN1200 device, see the ADIN1200 data sheet, which must be consulted in conjunction with this user guide when using the EVAL-ADIN1200FMCZ.

The EVAL-ADIN1300FMCZ allows simplified evaluation of the key features of the ADIN1300 robust, industrial, low latency 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps Ethernet physical layer (PHY). The evaluation board is powered by a single, external, 5 V supply. All chip supplies are regulated from this 5 V rail providing supply rails AVDD3P3, VDD0P9 and VDDIO for the device.

The P3 field programmable gate array (FPGA) mezzanine connector (FMC) is provided for connection to a master FPGA system for the media access control (MAC) interface and management data input/output (MDIO) control.

The MDIO can also be controlled via an optional MDIO interface dongle included as part of the kit.

The circuit shown in Figure 1 is a complete high performance resolver-to-digital (RDC) circuit that accurately measures angular position and velocity in automotive, avionics, and critical industrial applications where high reliability is required over a wide temperature range.

The circuit has an innovative resolver rotor driver circuit that has two modes of operation: high performance and low power. In the high performance state, the system operates on a single 12 V supply and can supply 6.4 V rms (18 V p-p) to the resolver. In the low power state, the system operates on a single 6 V supply and can supply 3.2 V rms (9.2 V p-p) to the resolver, with less than 100 mA of current consumption. Active filtering is provided in both the driver and receiver to minimize the effects of quantization noise.

The maximum tracking rate of the RDC is 3125 rps in the 10-bit mode (resolution = 21 arc min) and 156.25 rps in the 16-bit mode (resolution = 19.8 arc sec).

The circuit shown in Figure 1 is a complete adjustment-free linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) signal conditioning circuit. This circuit can accurately measure linear displacement (position).

The LVDT is a highly reliable sensor because the magnetic core can move without friction and does not touch the inside of the tube. Therefore, LVDTs are suitable for flight control feedback systems, position feedback in servomechanisms, automated measurement in machine tools, and many other industrial and scientific electromechanical applications where long term reliability is important.

This circuit uses the AD598 LVDT signal conditioner that contains a sine wave oscillator and a power amplifier to generate the excitation signals that drive the primary side of the LVDT. The AD598 also converts the secondary output into a dc voltage. The AD8615 rail-to-rail amplifier buffers the output of the AD598 and drives a low power 12-bit successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The system has a dynamic range of 82 dB and a system bandwidth of 250 Hz, making it ideal for precision industrial position and gauging applications.

The signal conditioning circuitry of the system consumes only 15 mA of current from the ±15 V supply and 3 mA from the +5 V supply, making this ideal for remote applications. The circuit can operate a remote LVDT from up to 300 feet away, and the output can drive up to 1000 feet.

This circuit note discusses basic LVDT theory of operation and the design steps used to optimize the circuit shown in Figure 1 for a chosen bandwidth, including noise analysis and component selection considerations.

The circuit shown in Figure 1 is a complete adjustment-free linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) signal conditioning circuit. This circuit can accurately measure linear displacement (position).

The LVDT is a highly reliable sensor because the magnetic core can move without friction and does not touch the inside of the tube. Therefore, LVDTs are suitable for flight control feedback systems, position feedback in servomechanisms, automated measurement in machine tools, and many other industrial and scientific electromechanical applications where long term reliability is important.

This circuit uses the AD698 LVDT signal conditioner that contains a sine wave oscillator and a power amplifier to generate the excitation signals that drive the primary side of the LVDT. The AD698 also converts the secondary output into a dc voltage. The AD8615 rail-to-rail amplifier buffers the output of the AD698 and drives a low power 12-bit successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The system has a dynamic range of 82 dB and a system bandwidth of 250 Hz, making it ideal for precision industrial position and gauging applications.

The signal conditioning circuitry of the system consumes only 15 mA of current from the ±15 V supply and 3 mA from the +5 V supply.

This circuit note discusses basic LVDT theory of operation and the design steps used to optimize the circuit shown in Figure 1 for a chosen bandwidth, including noise analysis and component selection considerations.

The circuit shown in Figure 1 is a completely isolated low power pH sensor signal conditioner and digitizer with automatic temperature compensation for high accuracy.

The circuit gives 0.5% accurate readings for pH values from 0 to 14 with greater than 14-bits of noise-free code resolution and is suitable for a variety of industrial applications such as chemical, food processing, water, and wastewater analysis.

This circuit supports a wide variety of pH sensors that have very high internal resistance that can range from 1 MΩ to several GΩ, and digital signal and power isolation provides immunity to noise and transient voltages often encountered in harsh industrial environments.

The circuit shown in Figure 1 is a complete linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) signal conditioning circuit that can accurately measure linear position or linear displacement from a mechanical reference. Synchronous demodulation in the analog domain is used to extract the position information and provides immunity to external noise. A 24-bit, Σ-Δ analog-to-digital converter (ADC) digitizes the position output for high accuracy.

LVDTs utilize electromagnetic coupling between the movable core and the coil assembly. This contactless (and hence frictionless) operation is a primary reason for why they are widely used in aerospace, process controls, robotics, nuclear, chemical plants, hydraulics, power turbines, and other applications where operating environments can be hostile and long life and high reliability are required.

The entire circuit, including the LVDT excitation signal, consumes only 10 mW of power. The circuit excitation frequency and output data rates are SPI programmable. The system has a programmable bandwidth vs. dynamic range trade-off. It supports bandwidths of over 1 kHz, and at a bandwidth of 20 Hz, the circuit has a dynamic range of 100 dB, making it ideal for precision industrial position and gauging applications.

Toxic gas detection instruments are widely used to alert people of elevated levels of dangerous gases. Many of these instruments use electrochemical gas sensors that contain multiple metal plates, metal pins, and internal metal-based bond wires. These metal components can make the sensor susceptible to picking up energy from nearby RF communication networks, which may result in the instrument reporting an incorrect gas level or even a false gas alarm. An unnecessary workplace evacuation or factory shutdown due to a false alarm can be very costly to an end user.

The European standard EN 50270: 2015, “Electrochemical compatibility – Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of combustible gases, toxic gases or Oxygen” specifies the RF frequency range and power levels that a toxic gas detection instrument must be capable of operating in.

The CN-0425 circuit was extensively tested with a number of sensors in an anechoic chamber to prove compliance with the EN 50270 radiated immunity specifications. Additional tests were performed in close proximity to a high power radio transmitter to prove its robustness to near-field RF interference.

Figure 1 shows an electrochemical gas sensor (M1) connected and how to bias and measure the electrochemical toxic gas sensor. This circuit note also shows and explains the filters used to improve radiated immunity of the whole circuit.