Insulin Pump

The ADuCM360 is a fully integrated, 3.9 kSPS, 24-bit data acquisition system that incorporates dual high performance, multichannel sigma-delta (Σ-Δ) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), a 32-bit ARM Cortex™-M3 processor, and Flash/EE memory on a single chip. The ADuCM360 is designed for direct interfacing to external precision sensors in both wired and battery-powered applications. The ADuCM361 contains all the features of the ADuCM360 except that only one 24-bit Σ-Δ ADC (ADC1) is available.

The ADuCM360/ADuCM361 contain an on-chip 32 kHz oscillator and an internal 16 MHz high frequency oscillator. The high frequency oscillator is routed through a programmable clock divider from which the operating frequency of the processor core clock is generated. The maximum core clock speed is 16 MHz; this speed is not limited by operating voltage or temperature.

The microcontroller core is a low power ARM Cortex-M3 processor, a 32-bit RISC machine that offers up to 20 MIPS peak performance. The Cortex-M3 processor incorporates a flexible, 11-channel DMA controller that supports all wired communica-tion peripherals (SPI, UART, and I2C). Also integrated on chip are 128 kB of nonvolatile Flash/EE memory and 8 kB of SRAM.

The analog subsystem consists of dual ADCs, each connected to a flexible input mux. Both ADCs can operate in fully differential and single-ended modes. Other on-chip ADC features include dual programmable excitation current sources, diagnostic current sources, and a bias voltage generator of AVDD_REG/2 (900 mV) to set the common-mode voltage of an input channel. A low-side internal ground switch is provided to allow power-down of an external circuit (for example, a bridge circuit) between conversions.

The ADCs contain two parallel filters: a sinc3 or sinc4 filter in parallel with a sinc2 filter. The sinc3 or sinc4 filter is used for precision measurements. The sinc2 filter is used for fast measure-ments and for the detection of step changes in the input signal.

The devices contain a low noise, low drift internal band gap ref-erence, but they can be configured to accept one or two external reference sources in ratiometric measurement configurations. An option to buffer the external reference inputs is provided on chip. A single-channel buffered voltage output DAC is also provided on chip.

The ADuCM360/ADuCM361 integrate a range of on-chip peripherals, which can be configured under microcontroller software control as required in the application. The peripherals include UART, I2C, and dual SPI serial I/O communication controllers; a 19-pin GPIO port; two general-purpose timers; a wake-up timer; and a system watchdog timer. A 16-bit PWM controller with six output channels is also provided.

The ADuCM360/ADuCM361 are specifically designed to operate in battery-powered applications where low power operation is critical. The microcontroller core can be configured in a normal operating mode that consumes 290 μA/MHz (including flash/ SRAM IDD). An overall system current consumption of 1 mA can be achieved with both ADCs on (input buffers off), PGA gain of 4, one SPI port on, and all timers on.

The ADuCM360/ADuCM361 can be configured in a number of low power operating modes under direct program control, including a hibernate mode (internal wake-up timer active) that consumes only 4 μA. In hibernate mode, peripherals such as external interrupts or the internal wake-up timer can wake up the device. This mode allows the part to operate with ultralow power and still respond to asynchronous external or periodic events.

APPLICATIONS

• Industrial automation and process control
• Intelligent precision sensing systems
• 4 mA to 20 mA loop-powered smart sensor systems
• Medical devices, patient monitoring

The ADuM4160 is a USB port isolator, based on Analog Devices, Inc., iCoupler^® technology. Combining high speed CMOS and monolithic air core transformer technology, these isolation components provide outstanding performance characteristics and are easily integrated with low and full speed USB-compatible peripheral devices.

Many microcontrollers implement USB so that it presents only the D+ and D− lines to external pins. This is desirable in many cases because it minimizes external components and simplifies the design; however, this presents particular challenges when isolation is required. USB lines must automatically switch between actively driving D+/D−, receiving data, and allowing external resistors to set the idle state of the bus. The ADuM4160 provides mechanisms for detecting the direction of data flow and control over the state of the output buffers. Data direction is determined on a packet-by-packet basis.

The ADuM4160 uses the edge detection based iCoupler technology in conjunction with internal logic to implement a transparent, easily configured, upstream facing port isolator. Isolating an upstream facing port provides several advantages in simplicity, power management, and robust operation.

The isolator has propagation delay comparable to that of a standard hub and cable. It operates with the supply voltage on either side ranging from 3.1 V to 5.5 V, allowing connection directly to V_BUS by internally regulating the voltage to the signaling level. The ADuM4160 provides isolated control of the pull-up resistor to allow the peripheral to control connection timing. The device has a low idle current; a suspend mode is not required.

APPLICATIONS

• USB peripheral isolation
• Isolated USB hub
• Medical applications

The ADF7242 is a highly integrated, low power, and high performance transceiver for operation in the global 2.4 GHz ISM band. It is designed with emphasis on flexibility, robustness, ease of use, and low current consumption. The IC supports the IEEE 802.15.4-2006 2.4 GHz PHY requirements as well as proprietary GFSK/ FSK/GMSK/MSK modulation schemes in both packet and data streaming modes. With a minimum number of external components, it achieves compliance with the FCC CFR47 Part 15, ETSI EN 300 440 (Equipment Class 2), ETSI EN 300 328 (FHSS, DR > 250 kbps), and ARIB STD T-66 standards.

The ADF7242 complies with the IEEE 802.15.4-2006 2.4 GHz PHY requirements with a fixed data rate of 250 kbps and DSSS-OQPSK modulation. With its support of GFSK/FSK/GMSK/MSK modulation schemes, the IC can operate over a wide range of data rates from 50 kbps to 2 Mbps and is, therefore, equally suitable for proprietary applications in the areas of smart metering, industrial control, home and building automation, and consumer electronics. In addition, the agile frequency synthesizer of the ADF7242, together with short turnaround times, facilitates the implementation of FHSS systems.

The transmitter path of the ADF7242 is based on a direct closed-loop VCO modulation scheme using a low noise fractional-N RF frequency synthesizer. The automatically calibrated VCO operates at twice the fundamental frequency to reduce spurious emissions and avoid PA pulling effects. The bandwidth of the RF frequency synthesizer is automatically optimized for transmit and receive operations to achieve optimum phase noise, modulation quality, and synthesizer settling time performance. The transmitter output power is programmable from −20 dBm to +4 dBm with automatic PA ramping to meet transient spurious specifications. An integrated biasing and control circuit is available in the IC to significantly simplify the interface to external PAs.

The receive path is based on a zero-IF architecture enabling very high blocking resilience and selectivity performance, which are critical performance metrics in interference dominated environments such as the 2.4 GHz band. In addition, the architecture does not suffer from any degradation of blocker rejection in the image channel, which is typically found in low IF receivers. In GFSK/FSK modes, the receiver features a high speed automatic frequency control (AFC) loop, which allows the frequency synthesizer to find and correct any frequency errors in the received packet.

The IC can operate with a supply voltage between 1.8 V and 3.6 V with very low power consumption in receive and transmit modes while maintaining its excellent RF performance, making it especially suitable for battery-powered systems.

The ADF7242 features a flexible dual-port RF interface that can be used with an external LNA and/or PA in addition to supporting switched antenna diversity.

The ADF7242 incorporates a very low power custom 8-bit processor that supports a number of transceiver management functions. These functions are handled by the two main modules of the processor; the radio controller and the packet manager.

See data sheet for additional information.

Applications

• Wireless sensor networks
• Automatic meter reading/Smart metering
• Industrial wireless control
• Healthcare
• Wireless audio / video
• Consumer electronics
• Zigbee

The universal serial bus (USB) is rapidly becoming the standard interface for most PC peripherals. It is displacing RS-232 and the parallel printer port because of superior speed, flexibility, and support of device hot swap. There has been a strong desire on the part of industrial and medical equipment manufacturers to use this bus as well, but adoption has been slow because there has not been a good way to provide the isolation required for connections to machines that control dangerous voltages or low leakage defibrillation proof connections in medical applications.

The ADuM4160 provides an inexpensive and easy to implement isolation buffer for medical and industrial peripherals. The challenges that need to be met are:

1. Isolate directly in the USB D+ and D− lines allowing the use of existing USB infrastructure in microprocessors.
2. Implement an automatic scheme for data flow of control that does not require external control lines.
3. Provide medical grade isolation.
4. Allow a complete peripheral to meet the USB-IF certifi-cation standards.
5. Support full speed (12 Mbps) and low speed (1.5 Mbps) signaling rates.
6. Support flexible power configurations.

The circuit shown in Figure 1 isolates a peripheral device that already supports a USB interface. Because the peripheral is not explicitly defined in this circuit, power to run the secondary side of the isolator has been provided as part of the solution. If the circuit is built onto the PCB of a peripheral design, power could be sourced from the peripheral’s off line supply, a battery, or the USB cable bus power, depending on the needs of the application.

The application circuit shown is typical of many medical and industrial applications.

Figure 1. USB Peripheral Isolator Circuit.

The combination of parts shown in Figure 1 provides an ultralow power, 3-axis, motion activated power switch solution capable of controlling up to 1.1 A of load current. The circuit is ideal for applications where extended battery life is critical. When the switch is off, the battery current is less than 300 nA, and when the switch is on, it draws less than 3 μA. The circuit provides an industry leading, low power motion sensing solution suitable for wireless sensors, metering devices, home healthcare, and other portable applications.

The 3-axis accelerometer controls the high-side switch by monitoring the acceleration in three axes and closes or opens the switch depending on the presence or absence of motion.

The ADXL362 is an ultralow power, 3-axis accelerometer that consumes less than 100 nA in wake-up mode. Unlike accelerometers that use power duty cycling to achieve low power consumption, the ADXL362 does not alias input signals by under sampling; it samples continuously at all data rates. There is also an on-chip, 12-bit temperature sensor accurate to ±0.5°.

The ADXL362 provides 12-bit output resolution and has three operating ranges, ±2 g, ±4 g, and ±8 g. It is specified over a minimum temperature range of −40°C to +85°C. For applications where a noise level less than 480 μg/√Hz is desired, either of its two lower noise modes (down to 120 μg/√Hz) can be selected at a minimal increase in supply current.

The ADP195 is a high-side load switch designed for operation between 1.1 V and 3.6 V and is protected against reverse current flow from output to input. The device contains a low on-resistance, P-channel MOSFET that supports over 1.1 A of continuous load current and minimizes power losses.

 

Basic Operation of the ADXL362

The ADXL362 is a three-axis, ultralow power acceleration measurement system capable of measuring dynamic acceleration (resulting from motion or shock) as well as static acceleration (that is, gravity).

The moving component of the sensor is a polysilicon, surface micromachined structure, also referred to as a beam, built on top of a silicon wafer. Polysilicon springs suspend the structure over the surface of the wafer and provide a resistance against acceleration forces.

Deflection of the structure is measured using differential capacitors. Each capacitor consists of independent fixed plates and plates attached to the moving mass. Any acceleration deflects the beam and unbalances the differential capacitor, resulting in a sensor output whose amplitude is proportional to acceleration. Phase-sensitive demodulation is used to determine the magnitude and polarity of the acceleration.

Modes of Operation

The three basic modes of operation for the ADXL362 are standby, measurement, and wake-up.

• Placing the ADXL362 in standby mode suspends measurement and reduces current consumption to 10 nA. Any pending data or interrupts are preserved; however, no new information is processed. The ADXL362 powers up in standby mode with all sensor functions turned off.

• Measurement mode is the normal operating mode of the ADXL362. In this mode, acceleration data is continuously read, and the accelerometer consumes less than 3 μA across its entire range of output data rates of up to 400 Hz using a 2.0 V supply. All described features are available while operating in this mode. The ability to continuously output data from the minimum 12.5 Hz to the maximum 400 Hz data rate while still delivering less than 3 μA of current consumption is what defines the ADXL362, as an ultralow power accelerometer. Under sampling and aliasing do not occur with the ADXL362. because it continuously samples the full bandwidth of its sensor at all data rates.

• Wake-up mode is ideal for simple detection of the presence or absence of motion at extremely low power consumption (270 nA at a 2.0 V supply voltage). Wake-up mode is useful particularly for implementation of a motion-activated on/off switch, allowing the rest of the system to be powered down until activity is detected. Wake-up mode reduces current consumption to a very low level by measuring acceleration only 6 times a second to determine whether motion is present. In wake-up mode, all accelerometer features are available with the exception of the activity timer. All registers are accessible, and real-time data is available from the part.

The CN0274 evaluation software uses the wake-up mode of the ADXL362. That is, the ADXL362 is asleep until it detects motion at which point it enters measurement mode.

Power/Noise Tradeoff

The ADXL362 offers a few options for decreasing noise at the expense of only a small increase in current consumption.

The noise performance of the ADXL362 in normal operation, typically 7 LSB rms at 100 Hz bandwidth, is adequate for most applications, depending upon bandwidth and the desired resolution. For cases where lower noise is needed, the ADXL362 provides two lower noise, operating modes that trade reduced noise for somewhat higher supply current.

Table 1. Specified and Measured Supply Currents

Mode	Noise  (µg/√Hz Typical)	Current Consumption (µA Typical)
Normal Operation	380	2.7
Low Noise	280	4.5
Ultralow Noise	175	15

 

Table 1 shows the supply current values and noise densities obtained for normal operation and the two lower noise modes, at a typical 3.3 V supply.

The CN0274 evaluation software uses the normal operation noise mode of the ADXL362.

Motion Detection

The ADXL362 has built-in logic that detects activity (acceleration above a certain threshold) and inactivity (lack of acceleration above a certain threshold).

Detection of an activity or inactivity event is indicated in the status register and can also be configured to generate an interrupt. In addition, the activity status of the device, that is, whether it is moving or stationary, is indicated by the AWAKE bit.

Activity and inactivity detection can be used when the accelerometer is in either measurement mode or wake-up mode.

Activity Detection

An activity event is detected when acceleration stays above a specified threshold for a user-specified time period. The two activity detection events are absolute and referenced.

• When using absolute activity detection, acceleration samples are compared to a user set threshold to determine whether motion is present. For example, if a threshold of 0.5 g is set, and the acceleration on any axis is 1 g for longer than the user defined activity time, the activity status is asserted. In many applications, it is advantageous for activity detection to be based not on an absolute threshold but on a deviation from a reference point or orientation. This is particularly useful because it removes the effect on activity detection of the static 1 g imposed by gravity. When an accelerometer is stationary, its output can reach 1 g, even when it is not moving. In absolute activity, if the threshold is set to less than 1 g, activity is immediately detected in this case.
• In the referenced activity detection, activity is detected when acceleration samples are at least a user set amount above an internally defined reference, for the user defined amount of time. The reference is calculated when activity detection is engaged, and the first sample obtained is used as a reference point. Activity is only detected when the acceleration has deviated sufficiently from this initial orientation. The referenced configuration results in a very sensitive activity detection that detects even the most subtle motion events.

The CN0274 evaluation software uses the referenced mode of operation when searching for activity.

Inactivity Detection

An inactivity event is detected when acceleration remains below a specified threshold for a specified time. The two inactivity detection events are absolute and referenced.

• In absolute inactivity detection, acceleration samples are compared to a user set threshold for the user set time to determine the absence of motion.
• In referenced inactivity detection, acceleration samples are compared to a user specified reference for a user defined amount of time. When the part first enters the awake state, the first sample is used as a reference point, and the threshold is applied around it. If the acceleration stays inside the threshold, the part enters the asleep state. If an acceleration value moves outside the threshold, this point is then used as a new reference, and the thresholds are reapplied to this new point.

The CN0274 evaluation software uses the referenced mode of operation when searching for inactivity.

Linking Activity and Inactivity Detection

The activity and inactivity detection functions can be used concurrently, and processed manually by a host processor, or they can be configured to interact in several ways:

• In default mode, activity and inactivity detection are both enabled, and all interrupts must be serviced by a host processor; that is, a processor must read each interrupt before it is cleared and can be used again.
• In linked mode, activity and inactivity detection are linked to each other such that only one of the functions is enabled at any given time. Once activity is detected, the device is assumed moving or awake and stops looking for activity: inactivity is expected as the next event so only inactivity detection operates. When inactivity is detected, the device is assumed stationary or asleep. Activity is now expected as the next event so that only activity detection operates. In this mode, a host processor must service each interrupt before the next is enabled.
• In loop mode, motion detection operates as previously described in linked mode; however, interrupts do not need to be serviced by a host processor. This configuration simplifies the implementation of commonly used motion detection and enhances power savings by reducing the amount of power used in bus communication.
• When enabling autosleep mode in linked mode or loop mode, it causes the device to autonomously enter wake-up mode when inactivity is detected, and reenter measurement mode when activity is detected.

The CN0274 evaluation software uses the autosleep and loop modes to demonstrate the functionality of the ADXL362.

The AWAKE Bit

The AWAKE bit is a status bit that indicates whether the ADXL362 is awake or asleep. The device is awake when it has seen an activity condition, and the device is asleep when it has seen an inactivity condition.

The awake signal can be mapped to the INT1 or INT2 pin and can thus be used as a status output to connect or disconnect power to downstream circuitry based on the awake status of the accelerometer. Used in conjunction with loop mode, this configuration implements a trivial, autonomous motion-activated switch.

If the turn-on time of the downstream circuitry can be tolerated, this motion switch configuration can save significant system-level power by eliminating the standby current consumption of the rest of the application. This standby current can often exceed the full operating current of the ADXL362.

Interrupts

Several of the built-in functions of the ADXL362 can trigger interrupts to alert the host processor of certain status conditions.

Interrupts may be mapped to either (or both) of two designated output pins, INT1 and INT2, by setting the appropriate bits in the INTMAP1 and INTMAP2 registers. All functions can be used simultaneously. If multiple interrupts are mapped to one pin, the OR combination of the interrupts determines the status of the pin.

If no functions are mapped to an interrupt pin, that pin is automatically configured to a high impedance (high-Z) state. The pins are placed in this state upon a reset as well.

When a certain status condition is detected, the pin that condition is mapped to is activated. The configuration of the pin is active high by default, so that when it is activated, the pin goes high. However, this configuration can be switched to active low by setting the INT_LOW pin in the appropriate INTMAP register.

The INT pins may be connected to the interrupt input of a host processor and interrupts responded to with an interrupt routine. Because multiple functions can be mapped to the same pin, the STATUS register can be used to determine which condition caused the interrupt to trigger.

The CN0274 evaluation software configures the ADXL362 such that when activity is detected, the INT1 pin is high, and when inactivity is detected, the INT1 pin is low.

Test Results

All testing was performed using the EVAL-CN0274-SDPZ and the EVAL-SDP-CS1Z. Functionality of the part is demonstrated by setting the activity threshold at 0.5 g, the inactivity threshold at 0.75 g, and the number of inactivity samples at 20. When looking for activity, only one acceleration sample on any axis is required to cross the threshold.

Starting with the circuit oriented so that the battery pack is flat against the table, the printed circuit board (PCB) can be slowly rotated 90° in any direction causing the acceleration to cross the threshold as it approaches perpendicular to the initial orientation.

Figure 2 shows a screen shot of the CN0274 evaluation software showing the ADXL362 first asleep, looking for activity. Then, when Sample 11 crosses the threshold, the ADXL362 enters the awake state and begins looking for inactivity. The thresholds adjust to show the device is now looking for inactivity.

 

For better visibility, the X-axis and Z-axis plots are disabled using the radio buttons above the chart.

The output of the ADP195, or the interrupt pin itself, was measured using a digital multimeter. When the ADXL362 is awake, the interrupt goes high and drives the EN pin of the ADP195, high, which in turn drives the gate of the MOSFET low, causing the switch to close, connecting any downstream circuitry to the power supply. Conversely, when the ADXL362 is asleep, the interrupt drives the EN pin of the ADP195 low, which in turn drives the gate of the MOSFET high, causing the switch to open.

PCB Layout Considerations

In any circuit where accuracy is crucial, it is important to consider the power supply and ground return layout on the board. The PCB should isolate the digital and analog sections as much as possible. The PCB for this system was constructed in a 4-layer stack up with large area ground plane layers and power plane polygons. See the MT-031 Tutorial for more discussion on layout and grounding, and the MT-101 Tutorial for information on decoupling techniques.

Decouple the power supply to the ADXL362 with 1 μF and 0.1 μF capacitors to properly suppress noise and reduce ripple. Place the capacitors as close to the device as possible. Ceramic capacitors are advised for all high frequency decoupling.

Power supply lines should have as large a trace width as possible to provide low impedance paths and reduce glitch effects on the supply line. Shield clocks and other fast switching digital signals from other parts of the board by digital ground. A photo of the PCB is shown in Figure 3.

A complete design support package for this circuit note can be found at www.analog.com/CN0274-DesignSupport.